The Public Procurement Act, 2063 (2007) and the Public Procurement Rules, 2064 (2007) are the definitive legal frameworks for all state-funded acquisitions of goods, works, and services.

Blacklisting by the Public Procurement Monitoring Office (PPMO) prevents a firm from participating in any government tender for a period ranging from one to three years, depending on the severity of the violation.

Yes,if multiple firms intend to bid together, a formal, notarized Joint Venture Agreement must be submitted with the bid to define the lead partner and the distribution of responsibilities.

Failure to sign the contract after a Letter of Acceptance (LOA) results in the forfeiture of the Bid Security and may lead to a recommendation for blacklisting.

However, for large-scale or technically complex projects, International Competitive Bidding (ICB) is used, allowing foreign participation.

A Performance Security (usually 5% of the contract value) must be submitted by the winning bidder before the contract is signed to ensure the successful completion of the work.

Public entities may cancel a procurement process if the bids do not meet the technical requirements or if the lowest evaluated bid exceeds the allocated budget, provided they state the legal grounds.